Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels and is one of the principal vital signs. When used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the arterial pressure of the systemic circulation, usually measured at a person's upper arm.
A person’s blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic (maximum) pressure over diastolic (minimum) pressure and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Normal resting blood pressure for an adult is approximately 120/80 mm Hg.
Blood pressure varies depending on situation, activity, and disease states, and is regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems. Blood pressure that is pathologically low is called hypertension, and pressure that is pathologically high is hypertension. Both have many causes and can range from mild to severe, with both acute and chronic forms. Chronic hypertension is a risk factor for many diseases, including kidney failure, heart attack, and stroke. Chronic hypertension is more common than chronic hypertension in Western countries. Chronic hypertension often goes undetected because of infrequent monitoring and the absence of obvious symptoms.
What is high blood pressure?
You probably have high blood pressure (hypertension) if your blood pressure readings are consistently 140 over 90, or higher, over a number of weeks.
You may also have high blood pressure if just one of the numbers is higher than it should be over a number of weeks.
If you have high blood pressure, this higher pressure puts extra strain on your heart and blood vessels. Over time, this extra strain increases your risk of a heart attack or stroke.
If you have high blood pressure, this higher pressure puts extra strain on your heart and blood vessels. Over time, this extra strain increases your risk of a heart attack or stroke.
High blood pressure can also cause heart and kidney disease, and is closely linked to some forms of dementia.
High blood pressure usually has no signs or symptoms, so the only way to know if you have high blood pressure is to have yours measured. However, a single high reading does not necessarily mean you have high blood pressure. Many things can affect your blood pressure through the day, so your doctor will take a number of blood pressure readings to see that it stays high over time.
Occasionally people with very high blood pressure say they experience headaches, but it is best to visit your GP if you are concerned about symptoms.
Occasionally people with very high blood pressure say they experience headaches, but it is best to visit your GP if you are concerned about symptoms.
What causes high blood pressure?
For most people, there may be no single cause for their high blood pressure. We do not know exactly what causes high blood pressure. We do know that your lifestyle can affect your risk of developing it. You are at a higher risk if:you eat too much salt;you don’t eat enough fruit and vegetables;you are not active enough;you are overweight; or you drink too much alcohol.
You can help to lower your blood pressure - and your risk of stroke and heart attack - by making lifestyle changes.
Additional causes of high blood pressure
There are some factors that increase your risk of developing high blood pressure, which you cannot control. These include:
Age: as you get older, the effects of an unhealthy lifestyle can build up and your blood pressure can increase.
Ethnic origin: people from African-Caribbean and South Asian communities are at greater risk than other people of high blood pressure.
Family history: you are at greater risk if other members of your family have, or have had, high blood pressure.
Some people may have high blood pressure that is linked to another medical condition, such as kidney problems. For these people treating the medical problem may lower their blood pressure back to normal
Low blood pressure (hypotension)
Low blood pressure is sometimes referred to as hypotension and typically describes blood pressures of 90/60mmHg, or below. It is not normally a cause for concern unless you start to experience symptoms after changing your posture. If you have low blood pressure, but feel perfectly well, there will be no need for any investigation or treatment. Generally, the lower your blood pressure is, the lower your risk of developing heart problems or having a stroke.
Low blood pressure (hypotension) can affect anyone. It can occur naturally for no obvious reason; however, it can also occur as a result of taking certain mediations or having another medical condition, such as diabetes. As we get older our risk of developing low blood pressure can increase.
What are the symptoms of low blood pressure?
Most people with a blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg or lower won’t experience any unusual symptoms or require any form of treatment. However a small number of people with low blood pressure may experience symptoms such as:
light-headedness / dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, general feeling of weakness ,feeling confused, a temporary loss of consciousness (fainting)
These symptoms may only occur when you stand up, change position quickly from lying down to sitting up or after periods of inactivity or exertion. This kind of low blood pressure is called ‘postural hypotension’.
How is low blood pressure (hypotension) diagnosed?
Low blood pressure (hypotension) can be diagnosed by having your blood pressure measured. If you experience dizziness after standing up you may have to have your blood pressure taken when you are lying down and again while you are standing up. Some clinical centres may offer a tilt-table test. During this test you lie securely on a table that moves slowly from a horizontal position to a vertical (upright) position. Your blood pressure and pulse are recorded at various times as the table changes angle and any symptoms that you experience throughout the test are noted. If your doctor needs more information, a blood test to check your hormone levels may also be arranged.
What causes low blood pressure?
Some people simply have a low blood pressure – perhaps because it is in their genetic make up. Other people may develop it as they get older. Our arteries become less supple as we age, which can result in a fall in blood pressure when we stand. Other causes include:
Blood pressure lowering drugs: Some alpha blocker medications can trigger postural hypotension.
Diabetes: Diabetes can affect the normal control of blood pressure and cause damage to the nerves supplying your blood vessels. This can lead to a fall in blood pressure upon standing up. During this kind of quick movement your blood vessels may find it hard to adjust.
Neurological conditions: For example, Parkinson’s disease. The drugs that are prescribed to treat Parkinson’s can cause low blood pressure. Postural hypotension is the most common form seen. There are some rare nerve conditions that can affect the reflexes in our legs. A severe drop in blood pressure would occur upon standing.
Problems with your adrenal glands: If your adrenal glands are damaged or malfunctioning, your body may not be producing adequate amounts of the hormone aldosterone. This can lead to excess salt loss and low blood pressure.
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